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''Jus soli'' (; (:jus ˈsoli)), meaning 'right of the soil',〔(jus soli ), definition from (merriam-webster.com ).〕 is the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship. As an unconditional basis for citizenship, it is the predominant rule in the Americas, but is rare elsewhere.〔(Chicago Tribune: "Birthright citizenship benefits the country" by Ronald D. Rotunda ) 16 September 2010〕〔(Texas Tribune: "Repeal Birthright Citizenship — and Then What?" by Morgan Smith ) 16 August 2010〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nations Granting Birthright Citizenship )〕 Since the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was enacted in 2004, no European country grants citizenship based on unconditional ''jus soli''.〔(Migration Policy Institute: "Citizenship in a Globalized World" By Greta Gilbertson ) January 2006〕〔(Vink, M. and G.R. de Groot (2010). Birthright Citizenship: Trends and Regulations in Europe. Comparative Report RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-Comp. 2010/8. Florence: EUDO Citizenship Observatory, pp. 35. )〕 A study in 2010 found that only 30 of the world's 194 countries grant citizenship at birth to the children of undocumented foreign residents, although definitive information was not available from 19 countries.〔 Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania grant citizenship at birth based upon the principle of ''jus sanguinis'' (right of blood), in which citizenship is inherited through parents not by birthplace, or a restricted version of ''jus soli'' in which citizenship by birthplace is automatic only for the children of certain immigrants. Countries that have acceded to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness will grant nationality to otherwise stateless persons who were born on their territory, or on a ship or plane flagged by that country. ''Jus soli'' is associated with permissive citizenship rights. Most countries with unconditional ''jus soli'' laws tend to give birthright citizenship (and nationality) based on ''jus sanguinis'' rules as well, although these stipulations tend to be more restrictive than in countries that use ''jus sanguinis'' as the primary basis for nationality. == History == An early form of ''jus soli'' dates from Cleisthenes' reforms of ancient Athenian law in the 6th century BC. It developed further in the Roman world, where citizenship was extended to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Caracalla in AD 212.〔w:fr:Droit du sol〕 Much later, the independence of the English colonies in America and the French Revolution in the late 18th century laid the foundations for ''jus soli''. With the social and economic development of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the massive migrations to the Americas and Western Europe, ''jus soli'' was established in a greater and greater number of countries.〔 At the turn of the 19th century, nation-states commonly divided themselves between those granting nationality on the grounds of ''jus soli'' (France, for example) and those granting it on the grounds of ''jus sanguinis'' (Germany, for example, before 1990). However, since 2007 the European migrant crisis has focused attention on these two conflicting sources of nationality rights. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jus soli」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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